When you’re saving for retirement, the rules are simple: invest, reinvest, and let compounding do its work.
But when you retire, the playbook flips. Instead of putting money in, you’re pulling money out — and the risk of selling at the wrong time becomes very real.
That’s where the retirement bucket strategy comes in. It’s a practical framework to manage your nest egg, give yourself steady income, and reduce stress when markets get rocky. Let’s break it down.
Why Retirement Risk Is Different
When you’re saving, market downturns are just bumps along the way. You’re still contributing, and you have decades for your portfolio to recover. In retirement, though, the risks change dramatically:
Sequence-of-returns risk – The danger of poor market returns hitting early in your retirement. If you’re withdrawing while markets are down, you lock in losses your portfolio may never recover from.
Example: Sequence-of-Returns Risk in Action
Let’s compare two retirees. Both start with $1,000,000, withdraw $50,000 per year, and achieve an average annual return of 7%. The only difference? The order of returns.
Year | Retiree A Return | Retiree A Balance | Retiree B Return | Retiree B Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | –15.0% | $807,500 | +15.0% | $1,092,500 |
2 | –10.0% | $681,750 | +12.0% | $1,167,600 |
3 | –5.0% | $600,162 | +10.0% | $1,229,360 |
4 | 0.0% | $550,162 | +8.0% | $1,273,709 |
5 | +2.0% | $510,166 | +6.0% | $1,297,131 |
6 | +8.0% | $496,979 | –15.0% | $1,060,062 |
7 | +10.0% | $491,677 | –10.0% | $909,055 |
8 | +12.0% | $494,678 | –5.0% | $816,103 |
9 | +7.0% | $475,806 | 0.0% | $766,103 |
10 | +6.0% | $451,354 | +2.0% | $730,425 |
11 | +8.0% | $433,462 | +8.0% | $734,859 |
12 | +9.0% | $417,974 | +9.0% | $746,496 |
13 | +7.0% | $393,732 | +7.0% | $745,251 |
14 | +6.0% | $364,356 | +6.0% | $736,966 |
15 | +5.0% | $330,074 | +5.0% | $721,314 |
16 | +7.0% | $299,679 | +7.0% | $718,306 |
17 | +6.0% | $264,660 | +6.0% | $708,404 |
18 | +5.0% | $225,393 | +5.0% | $691,325 |
19 | +7.0% | $187,670 | +7.0% | $686,217 |
20 | +6.0% | $145,930 | +6.0% | $674,390 |
Result:
Retiree A (bad early years) ends year 20 with just $145,930.
Retiree B (good early years) ends year 20 with $674,390.
👉 Both had the same average return — but the order of returns decided their fate.
This is exactly the risk the bucket strategy is built to manage. By covering your early retirement withdrawals with cash and bonds, you avoid being forced to sell stocks at the worst possible time.
Longevity risk – Outliving your money is a very real possibility. A 65-year-old couple today has about a 50% chance that one spouse lives past 90.
Inflation risk – Over 20–30 years, even modest inflation erodes purchasing power. Health care costs in particular tend to rise faster than general inflation.
Withdrawal risk – Spending too much too early can drain your nest egg, while being too cautious may mean you don’t fully enjoy retirement.
The bucket strategy is designed to handle these risks. By matching assets to time horizons, you insulate yourself against early bad luck, keep cash handy for near-term spending, and give your growth investments time to recover.
What Is the Bucket Strategy?
The bucket strategy divides your retirement savings into different “buckets” based on when you’ll need the money.
Near-term expenses sit in safe, liquid assets so you can pay your bills without worrying about the stock market.
Mid-term needs are invested for moderate growth and stability.
Long-term money stays invested in growth assets so your portfolio can outpace inflation.
Think of it as building three safety nets: one for today, one for tomorrow, and one for the decades ahead.
💡 Did You Know? |
The Three Buckets Explained
Bucket | Time Horizon | Purpose | Typical Investments |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Short-Term (Cash Flow) | 1–2 years | Cover immediate spending needs | Cash, money market funds, HISA ETFs, short-term GICs |
2. Intermediate (Stability / Fixed Income) | 1–2 years | Provide stability and refill Bucket 1 | Short-term bonds, bond ETFs, GIC ladder, preferred shares, defensive dividend stocks |
3. Long-Term (Growth) | 10+ years | Drive growth and outpace inflation | Equities, ETFs, dividend growth stocks, alternatives |
💡 Did You Know? |
How to Build and Execute the Bucket Strategy
1. Estimate Your Retirement Spending
Start with your annual expenses (housing, food, health care, travel, hobbies).
Subtract predictable income (CPP, OAS, pensions, annuities).
The remainder is what your buckets need to cover.
👉 Example: Expenses = $60,000/year. Guaranteed income = $25,000. Buckets must cover $35,000/year.
2. Size Your Buckets
Short-term bucket: Keep 1–2 years of spending in cash.
Intermediate bucket: Hold another 1–2 years of expenses in stable fixed-income investments.
Long-term bucket: Everything else goes here for growth.
💡 Did You Know? |
3. Choose Investments
Bucket 1: Focus on liquidity, not returns. High-interest savings accounts, cash ETFs, or short-term GICs are ideal.
Bucket 2: Mix of short-term bonds, GICs, defensive dividend payers, or bond ETFs.
Bucket 3: Core equity ETFs, dividend growth stocks, or global growth funds.
4. Withdraw and Refill
Spend from Bucket 1 first.
Refill Bucket 1 every year or two from Bucket 2.
Replenish Bucket 2 occasionally from Bucket 3, ideally after a good market year.
💡 Did You Know? |
5. Rebalance and Adjust
Review annually. Markets shift, spending changes, and health costs rise.
If stocks have a strong run, skim some gains from Bucket 3 into Buckets 1 and 2.
If markets are down, hold off on refilling and rely more heavily on your safe reserves.
Example: $1 Million Retirement Portfolio
Let’s say you retire at 65 with $1,000,000 and need $40,000 per year from your investments.
Bucket 1 (Cash Flow): $80,000 (2 years of spending, fully liquid in cash)
Bucket 2 (Fixed Income Stability): $80,000 (2 years of spending in short-term bonds, GICs, or bond ETFs)
Bucket 3 (Growth): $840,000 (the rest invested for long-term growth)
In years 1 and 2, you live off cash. By year 3, you refill Bucket 1 from Bucket 2.
When Bucket 2 needs replenishing, you take gains from Bucket 3 (ideally after a good market year).
This way, you have 4 years of expenses covered outside of equities — a big enough buffer to ride out most bear markets — while still keeping the majority of your portfolio invested for long-term growth.
💡 Did You Know? |
Pros and Cons of the Bucket Strategy
Pros 👍 | Cons 👎 |
|---|---|
Protects against bad market timing | Requires active management and discipline |
Provides peace of mind (cash cushion reduces anxiety) | Cash reserves can lose value to inflation |
Gives structure to withdrawals | Overfunding safe buckets may hurt long-term growth |
Keeps part of your portfolio growing long-term | Tax implications — withdrawals across accounts aren’t always efficient |
💡 Did You Know? |
How to Transition Into the Bucket Strategy
Most people imagine retirement planning as an on/off switch: one day you’re working and investing, the next you’re retired and living off buckets. In reality, the smoothest transitions happen gradually.
Here’s how to prepare for the shift:
Start 2–3 Years Before Retirement
Begin carving out your short-term and fixed income buckets while you’re still working. This prevents you from having to sell equities during a downturn right after you retire.Build Bucket 1 (Cash) First
Gradually move 6–12 months of expenses into cash or a high-interest savings ETF. Add to it quarterly until you’ve got 1–2 years’ worth of spending set aside.Then Fill Bucket 2 (Fixed Income)
Once Bucket 1 is topped up, divert new savings or portfolio rebalancing proceeds into short-term bonds or GICs. Aim for another 1–2 years of expenses here.Leave the Rest in Growth Assets
Don’t disrupt your long-term investments too early. Bucket 3 (stocks/equities) should still be the bulk of your portfolio going into retirement.Use Windfalls or Bonuses Strategically
End-of-career bonuses, stock option cash-outs, or RSU payouts are a natural opportunity to seed your cash and bond buckets.Stress-Test Before Retirement
Ask yourself: “If I had to retire tomorrow, would I have at least 3–4 years of expenses set aside outside equities?” If yes, you’re ready. If not, keep allocating to buckets until you reach that buffer.
💡 Did You Know? |
Refill Rules That Work
One of the trickiest parts of the bucket strategy is knowing when and how to top up your short-term bucket. Without rules, it’s easy to either refill too often (which drags on long-term growth) or not enough (which leaves you vulnerable).
Here are some practical approaches you can choose from:
1. Calendar-Based Refills
Annual or semi-annual transfers from Bucket 2 or 3 into Bucket 1.
Simple and predictable — but you risk selling stocks during a downturn.
2. Performance-Based Refills
Only refill from Bucket 3 (growth) when markets are positive or after gains exceed a set threshold.
Example: “If equities are up more than 5% this year, move some gains into Bucket 2 or 1.”
Helps avoid selling at the bottom.
3. Threshold Refill Rule
Refill Bucket 1 only when it drops below a minimum balance (say, 6 months of expenses).
This way, you always maintain a safety floor, but you aren’t constantly shuffling money.
4. Blended Approach
Combine a calendar check-in with performance awareness.
Example: Review buckets annually, but only refill if equities had a positive year or Bucket 1 is nearly depleted.
A Real-World Example
Suppose you need $40,000 a year:
Bucket 1 holds $80,000 (2 years).
After 18 months, Bucket 1 is down to $20,000.
What to do?
If markets were positive, transfer $40,000 from Bucket 3 into Bucket 1 (via Bucket 2 if needed).
If markets were negative, hold off and use the remaining $20,000 plus draw temporarily from Bucket 2.
This rule ensures you’re never forced to sell stocks during a downturn, but you still keep your cash bucket healthy.
💡 Pro Tip! |
Advanced Considerations
Taxes matter. Withdrawals from RRSPs, RRIFs, TFSAs, and non-registered accounts have different tax consequences. Plan bucket funding with taxes in mind.
Inflation is the silent threat. Don’t let your intermediate bucket sit entirely in bonds — add dividend stocks or balanced funds to keep pace.
Longevity risk. You may live longer than expected. Buckets 2 and 3 need enough growth to last 30+ years.
Hybrid approaches. Some retirees blend the bucket strategy with the 4% rule, or pair it with annuities for more guaranteed income.
Alternatives and Hybrid Approaches
The bucket strategy is popular because it strikes a balance between structure and flexibility. But it’s not the only way to manage retirement withdrawals. Here are a few alternatives — and how they can work together with buckets.
1. Systematic Withdrawals (The 4% Rule)
Withdraw a fixed percentage (often 4%) of your portfolio each year.
Pros 👍: Simple, predictable starting point.
Cons 👎: Doesn’t protect against sequence-of-returns risk.
Hybrid ⚖️: Some retirees keep a bucket system but use the 4% rule as their withdrawal ceiling.
2. Guardrails Method (Guyton-Klinger)
Start with a withdrawal rate (e.g., 4–5%), but adjust up or down if markets perform much better or worse than expected.
Pros 👍: Helps spending adapt to markets.
Cons 👎: More complex to follow and requires discipline.
Hybrid ⚖️: Use guardrails within a bucket strategy — only increase or decrease how much you refill Bucket 1.
3. Annuities / Guaranteed Income
Convert part of your portfolio into an annuity, creating a pension-like stream.
Pros 👍: Provides peace of mind and removes longevity risk.
Cons 👎: Locks up capital, lower flexibility, fees may apply.
Hybrid ⚖️: Treat annuity payments as part of Bucket 1 (cash flow), reducing how much you need to hold in short-term reserves.
4. Target-Date or Glide Path Investing
Shift gradually from equities to bonds as you age.
Pros 👍: Hands-off and simple.
Cons 👎: Not customized to your spending needs.
Hybrid ⚖️: Use a target-date fund as your Bucket 3 (growth engine), while still maintaining cash and fixed-income buckets separately.
💡 Pro Tip! |
Is the Bucket Strategy Right for You?
The bucket approach works best if:
You value peace of mind and want a buffer against volatility.
You’re comfortable managing multiple accounts and rebalancing over time.
You need a disciplined withdrawal plan, not just ad-hoc selling.
It may be less useful if:
You have very large assets (you don’t need to worry about running out).
You already have strong guaranteed income streams (CPP, OAS, pensions, annuities).
You prefer a simpler “set it and forget it” approach like systematic withdrawals.
Key Takeaways
The bucket strategy organizes your retirement savings by time horizon.
You spend from cash first, then refill it with more volatile assets after they